Works Cited

Alexander, Catherine. “Northumberland Ladies’ Networks: Women’s Conversations and Practices Revealed by a Seventeenth-Century Cookbook.” Local Historian (London. 1968), vol. 47, no. 4, 2017, pp. 317-23. 

Burke, John. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank, but Uninvested with Heritable Honours. London, H. Colburn, 1836, http://archive.org/details/heraldichistory02burk. 

"Certificate for Lady Frances Fairfax of Steeton, West Riding of Yorkshire." 21 Sept. 1644. The National Archives, Kew, UK, SP 21/16 fols 257-8. 

DiMeo, Michelle, and Sara Pennell, editors. Reading and Writing Recipe Books, 1550–1800. Manchester University Press, 2013, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5npjfw. 

"Draft Will of Elizabeth Spencer, Widow." Spencer Family of Attercliffe and Bramley Grange, Braithwell, West Riding of Yorkshire., 22 Nov. 1729. Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, UK, BGM/81. 

Hopper, Andrew J. “Fairfax, Sir William.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Online, Oxford University Press. 

Kowalchuk, Kristine, editor. Preserving on Paper: Seventeenth-Century Englishwomen’s Receipt Books. University of Toronto Press, 2017, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctv1n3592n. 

LaRoche, Rebecca, and Georgianna Ziegler. Beyond Home Remedy: Women, Medicine, and Science - Folgerpedia. https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/Beyond_Home_Remedy:_Women,_Medicine,_and_Science. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025. 

Laughton, J. K. “Fairfax, Robert.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Online, Oxford University Press. 

Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert). Life of Robert Fairfax of Steeton, Vice-Admiral, Alderman, and Member for York A.D. 1666-1725; London, Macmillan and Co., 1885, http://archive.org/details/cu31924027986722. 

"Pedigree of the Family of Fairfax of Walton, Denton and Steeton." Spencer Family of Attercliffe and Bramley Grange, Braithwell, West Riding of Yorkshire, ca. 1600s. Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, UK, BGM/179. 

"Pre-Nuptial Settlement – Thomas Spencer of Attercliffe, Esquire, to Robert Fairefax of Steeton Hall, Esquire, and Gilbert Berry of Linwood (Lincolnshire), Esquire." Spencer Family of Attercliffe and Bramley Grange, Braithwell, West Riding of Yorkshire, 26 Mar. 1701. Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, UK, BGM/2/1. 

"Probate Copy of the Will of Thomas Spencer of Sheffield, Gentleman." Spencer Family of Attercliffe and Bramley Grange, Braithwell, West Riding of Yorkshire., 17 July 1703. Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, UK, BGM/78. 

Scott, David. “Chaloner, James (c. 1602–1660), Politician.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 3 Jan. 2008, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/5038. 

---. “Chaloner, Thomas (1595–1660), Politician and Regicide.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 3 Jan. 2008, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/5042. 

Wear, Andrew. Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550-1680. Cambridge University Press, 2000, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gmu/detail.action?docID=201838. 

Westby-Gibson, John. “Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the Younger (1563/4–1615), Chemist and Courtier.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Kenneth L. Campbell, 23 Sept. 2004, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/5041. 

Further Reading 

Aspen, RIchard. “Who Was Elizabeth Okeover?” Medical History, 2000, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1044326/pdf/medhist00013-0097.pdf. 

Bassnett, Madeline, and Hillary Nunn. In the Kitchen, 1550-1800: Reading English Cooking at Home and Abroad. Amsterdam University Press, 2022, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gmu/detail.action?docID=30205786. 

Bower, Anne. Recipes for Reading: Community Cookbooks, Stories, Histories. University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. 

Bowles Smith. “'Let Them Compleately Learn': Manuscript Clues About Early Modern Women’s Educational Practices." 8 Sept. 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070908163253/http:/www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/mm/EssayES.html

Connor, Kimberley. “Seeking Margaret Baker: Identifying the Author of Three Manuscript Receipt Books.” ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.5038/2157-7129.12.1.1252. 

Dowd, Michelle M., and Julie A. Eckerle, editors. Genre and Women’s Life Writing in Early Modern England. Routledge, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584324. 

Fitzpatrick, Joan, editor. Renaissance Food from Rabelais to Shakespeare: Culinary Readings and Culinary Histories. Routledge, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315605265. 

Fox, Sarah. Giving Birth in Eighteenth-Century England. University of London Press, 2022. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2gvdns1. Accessed 14 May 2025. 

Green, Monica H. Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2008, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gmu/detail.action?docID=415510. 

Guerrini, Anita. “A Natural History of the Kitchen.” Osiris, vol. 35, Aug. 2020, pp. 20–41, https://doi.org/10.1086/708746. 

Herbert, Amanda E., et al. “The Recipes Project.” The Recipes Project, 26 Nov. 2013, https://recipes.hypotheses.org/about. 

Johnston. “Medicine in the Atlantic World.” Oxford Bibliographies, 2017, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0085.xml?q=recipe. 

Justice, George, and Nathan Tinker. Women’s Writing and the Circulation of Ideas: Manuscript Publication in England, 1550-1800. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 

Knoppers, Laura Lunger. The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Women’s Writing. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 

Kowalchuk, Kristine, editor. “Glossary of Culinary, Medical, and Household Terms.” Preserving on Paper, University of Toronto Press, 2017, pp. 315–58, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctv1n3592n.10. 

Laroche, Rebecca. Medical Authority and Englishwomen’s Herbal Texts, 1550-1650. Routledge, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315249353. 

Longfellow, Erica. “Public, Private, and the Household in Early Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of British Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, 2006, pp. 313–34, https://doi.org/10.1086/499790. 

Nighbor, Emily. “Emily’s Journey Through the Boyle Family’s Recipes.” Emily’s Journey with the Boyle Family’s Recipes, 14 Mar. 2019, https://earlywomenmedicine.home.blog/2019/03/14/emilys-journey-through-the-boyle-familys-recipes/. 

Notaker, Henry. “The History of Cookbooks.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Food Studies, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780197762530.013.16. 

Rees, John. “Digitizing Material Culture: Handwritten Recipe Books, 1600–1900.” Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections, 13 Apr. 2017, https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/04/13/digitizing-material-culture-handwritten-recipe-books-1600-1900/. 

Shanahan, Madeline. Manuscript Recipe Books as Archaeological Objects: Text and Food in the Early Modern World. Lexington Books, 2015. 

Images

George Smith of Chichester, 1714–1776. Still Life of Bread, Butter and Cheese, ca. 1754, Oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, B1993.30.30.

Tankard. 1665. Silver gilt, Diameter: 20.7 x 14.3 cm (8 1/8 x 5 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art; Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Collection: Decorative Arts; Department: Decorative Art and Design. Gift of Grace Studebaker Fish in memory of her father, John Mohler Studebaker. https://jstor.org/stable/community.24586460.

A witch holding a plant in one hand and a fan in the other. Woodcut, ca. 1700-1720.  Wellcome Collection.

Francis Wheatley, 1747–1801. Night, 1799, Oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, B1977.14.121.