Anthologies of African American Writing

African American Experience

African-American Archive

"The African American Experience." Ed. Kai Wright. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2009. 736 pp.

Revised version of "The African-American Archive". Ed. Kai Wright. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publications, 2001. xxiv+805 pp.

"20 & ODD NEGROES": A Violent beginning
● 'They will display diligence / Spanish Council of the Indies
● 'Negros might easily be had on the coast of Guinea / Richard Hakluyt
● '20 and odd negroes' / John Rolfe
● 'The one whose name is Elizabeth is to serve thirteene years' / Capt. Francis Pott
● The Freeman Anthony Johnson and his family
● Black children to serve 'according to the condition of the mother' / Virginia General Assembly
● Baptism is no exemption / Virginia Assembly
● An act concerning negroes and other slaves / Maryland General Assembly
● 150 acres for 'negroes as well as Christians' / Proprietors of South Carolina
● The negro's and Indian's advocate / Morgan Godwyn
● Correspondence from Fort James, Accra / The Royal African Company
● 'They must have all my slaves and goods' / Thomas Woolman
● The fundamental Constitutions of Carolina / Founders of the South Carolina colony
● 'Sheep jump, jump for joy' / Carolina rice beating songs
● The selling of Joseph / Samuel Sewall
● The New York City revolt of 1712 / Governor Robert Hunter
● Rising tensions and clashing cultures / Dr. Francis Le Jau
● A voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West Indies / John Atkins
● 'The most fierce enemies of the English' / Black fugitives of the English plantations
● Prohibiting the importation and the use of black slaves or negroes / The Trustees of the Georgia Colony
● The Darien antislavery petition / Eighteen freeholders of New Inverness
● 'He made you to live with himself above the sky. And so you will' / John Wesley
● She could not help praising and blessing God' / George Whitefiled
● Report of the Committee of conference on the case of the negroes' desertion to St. Augustine / South Carolina Assembly
● 'The said Caesar was executed at the usual place and hung in chains' / South Carolina Gazette
● 'St. Augustine...that den of thieves and ruffians!' / South Carolina Assembly
● 'They calling out liberty, marched on with colours displayed' / The Stono Rebellion
● 'At least a hundred and fifty were got together in defiance' / William Stephens
● Prohibiting education to slaves / South Carolina Assembly
● The trial of Cuffe and Quack / Judge Daniel Horsmanden
● 'Bars fight' / Lucy Terry Prince
● 'An evening thought' / Jupiter Hammon
● Some memoirs of the life of Job / Thomas Bluett
● 'Uncommon sufferings and surprizing deliverance' / Briton Hammon
● The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano / Olaudah Equiano

THE BIRTH OF AFRICAN AMERICA: from religion to revolution:
● 'A mulatto man, named Crispus Attucks...killed instantly' / Samuel Adams
● 'Such a rabble of negroes, & C.' / John Adams
● A 'peaceable and lawful' petition for freedom / Slaves of the town of Thompson, Massachusetts
● Thoughts upon slavery / John Wesley
● 'This land will become a field of blood' / Thomas Rankin
● 'The executioner was savingly converted to God' / John Marrant
● 'Roll, Jordan, roll' / Revival songs
● The British offer freedom for service / Lord Dunmore
● Journal of a Black loyalist soldier / Boston King
● Salem poor at Bunker Hill / Colonel William Prescott
● The Battle of Groton Heights / An unnamed source
● 'A poem of the inhuman tragedy' at Lexington / Lemuel Haynes
● Poems on various subjects / Phillis Wheatley
● 'To his excellency General Washington / Phillis Wheatley
● An address to Miss Phillis Wheatley / Jupiter Hammon
● Rough draft of the Declaration of Independence / Thomas Jefferson
● Notes on the State of Virginia / Thomas Jefferson
● 'Three fifths of all other persons' / The United States Constitution
● 'Providence punishes national sins, by national calamities" / Constitutional Convention debate on slavery
● Petition for repatriation to Africa / Prince Hall and African Lodge No. 1
● 'The slavish fear of man' / Prince Hall
● 'In what single circumstance are we different from the rest of mankind?' / A free negro
● An address to the negroes of the State of New-York / Jupiter Hammon
● 'I freely and cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race' / Benjamin Banneker
● A plan to aide 'our hitherto too much neglected fellow creatures' / Benjamin Franklin
● 'Equal liberty was originally the portion, and is still the birth-right, of all men' / Benjamin Franklin
● 'It introduces more evils than it can cure' / George Washington
● Fugitive Act of 1793 / United States Congress
● 'It is my will and desire that all slaves whom I hold...receive their freedom' / George Washington
● 'We believe Heaven is free for all who worship in spirit and truth' / Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
● The First Baptist Church of Savannah, Ga. / Andrew Bryan
● A narrative of the life and adventures of Venture / Venture Smith
● Thanksgiving sermon / Absalom Jones
● 'The sweets of liberty' / African Methodist Episcopal Hymn

I WILL BE HEARD: abolition and the build-up to civil war:
● 'No black or mulatto person shall be permitted to settle or reside in this state, unless he or she shall first produce a fair certificate...of his or her actual freedom' / Manumission Certificates
● 'We will wade to our knees in blood sooner than fail in the attempt' / Gabriel's conspiracy to rebellion
● Back to Africa / Paul Cuffe
● 'It is not asked for by us' / James Fortes and Russell Perrott
● Establishing the Liberia Colony / President James Monroe
● 36 degrees and 30 minutes / Missouri Compromise
● 'Your professed design was to trample on all laws, human and divine; to riot in blood, outrage, rapine, and conflagration' / Denmark Vesey's Revolt
● 'I ask you, O my brethren! Are we men?' / David Walker's appeal
● 'I should arise and prepare myself, and slay my enemies with their own weapons' / Nat Turner's confession
● 'Address to the free people of colour of the United States' / Richard Allen
● The hope of liberty / George Moses Horton
● 'The slave auction' / Frances E. W. Harper
● 'I am sick of our unmeaning declamation in praise of liberty and equality; of our hypocritical cant about the unalienable rights of man’ / William Lloyd Garrison
● 'I will be heard!' / William Lloyd Garrison
● Declaration of sentiments / The American Anti-slavery society
● 'Thoughts on African colonization' / William Lloyd Garrison
● 'We know nothing of that debasing inferiority with which our very colour stamped us in America' / Letters from Liberia
● 'All we want is make us free' / The Amistead Africans
● 'If the man may preach...why not the woman?' / Jarena Lee
● 'There are no chains so galling as the chains of ignorance' / Maria Stewart
● ' Like our brethren in bonds, we must seal our lips in silence and despair' / Anti-slavery Convention of American Women
● 'What is a mob? . . . Any evidence that we are wrong? / Angela Grimke Weld
● 'To instruct others in beneficial to the mind' / Ann Plato
● 'I have come to tell you something about slavery -- what I know of it, as I have felt it' / Frederick Douglass
● 'Brethren, Arise! arise! strike for your lives and liberties' / Henry Highland Garnet
● 'The light broke in upon degrees' / Frederick Douglass
● 'What is America slavery?' / Frederick Douglass
● The North Star / Frederick Douglass and Martin Delany
● 'Ar'n't I a woman?' / Sojourner Truth
● 'Mrs. Bradford had a son about ten years old; she used to make him beat me and spit in my face' / Leonard Black
● A tale of escape and betrayal / Henry Bibb
● Abolition in the nation's poetry / Whittier, Lowell, and Longfellow
● Fact meets fiction in the first black novel / William Wells Brown
● Another slavery compromise holds the Union / Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
● Uncle Tom's Cabin / Harriet Beecher Stowe
● An ideological rift over the U. S. Constitution and slavery / Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison
● 'What to the slave is the Fourth of July?' / Frederick Douglass

A HOUSE DIVIDED: emancipation and the Civil War era:
● The Kansas-Nebraska Act / Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln: A. The Kansas Nebraska Act; B. Abraham Lincoln on the Act
● 'Crimes against Kansas' / Charles Sumner
● Dred Scott v. Sanford / The United States Supreme Court
● A house divided / Abraham Lincoln
● 'Had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful...this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward' / John Brown's Raid: A. Last words of John Copeland, a black raider; B. Black raider Dangerfield Newby's motivation; C. John Brown's last words
● 'His truth is marching on' / Julia Ward Howe: A. "Say, brothers, will you meet us"; B. Union Marching song; C. The Battle Hymn of the Republic
● Our nig / Harriet Wilson
● Incidents in the life of a slave girl / Harriet Jacobs
● A Georgia plantation / Mortimer Thompson and Fanny Kemble: A. "What became of the slaves on a Georgia Plantation?" ; B. Journal of a residence on a Georgia plantation
● Slavery's expansion 'The only substantial dispute' / Abraham Lincoln
● A war for emancipation / Frederick Douglass
● 'We are ready to stand and defend our government' / Northern Blacks: A. April 1861 declaration by free blacks of New Bedford, Massachusetts ; B. "Fighting rebels with only one hand" from September 1861 issue of Frederick Douglass' Monthly (successor to The North Star)
● Debating 'the duty of the black man' / Alfred Green and "R. H. V.": A. R. H. V.'s argument against black participation; B. Alfred Green's rebuttal
● 'The uterus protruding, as large, yes larger than my fist ; it has been so 10 years' / Life in the Contraband Camps: A. The health of freed slaves; B. Susie King Taylor's Reminiscences of my life in camp
● 'Let my people go!' / African-American spirituals: A. Go down Moses ; B. Down the valley
● Confiscation and militia act / U. S. Congress
● 'My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union' / Abraham Lincoln
● 'All persons held a slaves within said designated states...are, and henceforward shall be free' / The Emancipation proclamation: A. Emancipation proclamation ; B. New York Times editorial on the Proclamation
● 'His body was left suspended for several hours' / The New York Draft Riot of 1863
● 'Mortal men could not stand such a fire' / Massachusetts 54th Regiment
● 'Niggers has riz in public estimation and are at a high premium' / Christiam Abraham Fleetwood: A. Blacks conscripted for manual labor; B. Defending his regiment's reputation; C. Fleetwood leaves the forces angered by inequality
● 'We have done a soldier's duty. Why can't we have a soldier's pay?' / Corporal James Henry Gooding
● 'The longor you keep my child from me the longor you will have to burn in Hell and the qwicer youll get their' / Private Spottswood Rice: A. Spotswood Rice's letter to his daughters; B. Spotswood Rice's letter to his daughter's owner
● The end of slavery / Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution

FORTY ACRES AND A MULE: reconstruction and its aftermath
● 'If he knows enough to be hanged, he knows enough to vote' / Frederick Douglass
● 'I will indeed be your Moses' / Andrew Johnson
● The last speech / Abraham Lincoln
● 'In the matter of government...no notice should be taken of the color of men' / The National Convention of Colored Men
● 'We were and still are oppressed; we are not demoralized criminals' / New Orleans Tribune: A. Our dormant partners; B. Opposition to military rule
● Forty acres and a mule / Gen. William T. Sherman and the Freedmen's Bureau
● 'They would like to have land—4 or 5 acres to a family' / Establishing the Freedmen's Bureau: A. Freeman Harry McMillan's testimony before the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission; B. Congressional act establishing the Freedmen's Bureau
● Resettlement at Port Royal, South Carolina / Freedmen's Bureau records
● 'We are left in a more unpleasant condition than our former' / Freed blacks of Edisto Island, South Caroline: A. The Edisto Island committee's statement to Howard; B. A Georgia labor contract
● 'You enfranchise your enemies, and disenfranchise your friends' / A confrontation at the White House
● 'Any person who shall so intermarry...shall be confined in the state penitentiary for life' / Black Codes: A. Penal code; B. Vagrancy Law; C. Civil Rights Law; D. Apprentice Law
● The Civil Rights battle of 1866 / U. S. Congress: A Johnson's Freedmen's Bureau bill message; B. Civil Rights Act of 1866
● The 14th Amendment / U. S. Congress
● 'It is useless to attempt to disguise the hostility that exist...towards northern men' / New Orleans Riot of 1866
● 'We always told you that it would be a great deal worse for you when they come' / Freedmen's Bureau records
● 'Rebel states shall be divided into military districts' / The Reconstruction Act
● 'Keep bright the council fires' / Union League of Alabama
● The 15th Amendment / U. S. Congress
● The Ku Klux Klan / Petitions from African Americans to Congress
● The new Black Laws / Benjamin W. Arnett
● Behind the scenes / Elizabeth Keckley
● Iola Leroy / Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
● The Hazeley Family / Amelia Etta Johnson
● Violets / Alice Ruth Moore (Alice Dunbar-Nelson)
● Oak and Ivy / Paul Lawrence Dunbar: A. "Welcome Address"; B. "The old tunes"; C. "To Miss Mary Britton"
● 'We wear the mask' / Paul Lawrence Dunbar: A. "We wear the mask"; B. "Sympathy"
● The lynch mob's 'thread-bare lie' / Ida B. Wells
● 'A negroe's life is a very cheap thing in Georgia' / Ida B. Wells
● A black woman of the south / Anna Julia Cooper
● Lifting as we climb / Mary Church Terrell
● The 'Atlanta Compromise' / Booker T. Washington
● Separate but equal / U. S. Supreme Court: A. Justice Brown's majority opinion; B. Justin Harlan's dissent
● Up from slavery / Booker T. Washington
● 'Tuskegee song' / Paul Lawrence Dunbar: A. Dunbar's revised "Tuskegee Song"; B. Dunbar's letter to Washington
● 'Lift every voice and sing' / James Weldon Johnson

TALENTED TENTH: The Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro
● The souls of black folk / W. E. B. Dubois
● 'The talented tenth' / W. E. B. Dubois
● 'We refuse to allow the impression to remain that the Negro-American assents to inferiority' / The Niagara Movement
● 'Silence means approval' / The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
● 'Agitation is a necessary evil' / NAACP's The Crisis
● 'The Trotter encounter with Wilson. Talks to President as any American should' / William Monroe Trotter and Woodrow Wilson at the White House
● Autobiography of an ex-colored man / James Weldon Johnson
● 'St. Louis Blues' / W. C. Handy
● 'We protest the proposition that the pictured slander and disparagement of a minority race shall make licensed amusement' / Protesting Birth of a Nation: A. Boston petition to mayor ; B. Cleveland Advocate on Ohio movement to ban the film
● Stumping for the peanut / George Washington Carver
● 'Stay on the soil' / The 1917 Tuskegee Conference and northern migration
● The most dangerous negroes in the United States / Asa Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen
● The 24th Colored Infantry's Houston uprising / The Baltimore Afro-American
● 'We are cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over we do not...battle against the forces of Hell in our own land' / The Crisis
● Thirty years of lynching / The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
● The red summer of 1919 / Chicago Tribune
● 'Africa for the Africans' / Marcus Garvey: A. Garvey in the Negro World ; B. UNIAs "Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World"
● 'T'aint nobody's business' / Bessie Smith: A. 'T'aint nobody's business if I Do' ; B. Smith's mythical death by racism
● 'Take the "A" train' / Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn: A. "It don't mean a thing"; B. "Take the 'A' train"
● 'A form that is freer and larger' / James Weldon Johnson
● 'The Negro speaks of rivers' / Langston Hughes: A. "The Negro speaks of rivers"; B. "The weary blues"; C. "Harlem" (also known as "A dream deferred")
● 'Yet I do marvel' / Countee Cullen: A. "Yet I do marvel"; B. "To a brown boy"
● 'How it feels to be colored me' / Zora Neale Hurston: A. "Spunk"; B. "How it feels to be colored me"
● 'Smoke, lilies and jade' / Richard Bruce Nugent
● The New Negro / Alan Leroy Locke
● 'What I want from life' / Paul Robeson
● Criticism of "Nigger Heaven" / W. E. B. Dubois
● 'The Negro artist and the racial mountain' / Langston Hughes
● 'The creation' / James Weldon Johnson
● 'Strange fruit' / Billie Holiday: A. "Strange Fruit"; B. "God bless the child"
● Fighting for segregation or integration? / W. E. B. Dubois

A DREAM NO LONGER DEFERRED: The Civil Rights Movement
● 'A call to Negro America' / Asa Philip Randolph
● Executive order 8802 / Franklin D. Roosevelt
● 'Nonviolence vs Jim Crow' / Bayard Rustin
● Native Son / Richard Wright
● Invisible Man / Ralph Ellison
● 'I'm a believer in fairy tales now' / Jackie Robinson: A. Wendell Smith's report on the first game ; B. Jackie Robinson's column following his first major league game
● 'Equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defense': A. to secure these rights; B. Executive order 9981
● 'We real cool': A. "The sonnet-ballad from Annie Allen; B. "We real cool" from The Bean Eaters
● Go tell it on the mountain / James Baldwin
● 'Separate cannot be equal' / Brown v. Board of Education: A. Justice Marshall's oral argument; B. Chief Justice Warren's opinion
● 'There comes a time' / Martin Luther King, Jr.: A. King's December 5, 1955 speech launching the prolonged boycott; B. "The violence of desperate men" from Stride towards freedom
● 'Maybelline' / Chuck Berry
● A Raisin in the Sun / Lorraine Hansberry
● 'I stand upon the Fifth Amendment' / Paul Robeson: A. Robeson's testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities ; B. Robeson's undelivered statement appearing before the committee, which he was not allowed to read
● 'Give us the Ballot' / Martin Luther King, Jr.
● Them ain't local little niggers / Ted Poston [new to this edition]
● 'Through nonviolence, courage displaces fear' / The student sit-ins of 1960-61: A. The Register's coverage of the Greensboro, N.C. sit in [new to this edition, replacing other items]; B. Founding resolution of SNCC
● 'We have been cooling off for 350 years. If we cool off any more, we'll be in a deep freeze' / The Freedom Rides
● Lobbying Kennedy / NAACP
● How the 'Blue-eyed devil' race was created / Malcolm X
● 'I ain't no entertainer, and ain't trying to be one' / Miles Davis
● Letter from a Birmingham jail / Martin Luther King, Jr.
● 'We shall overcome' / Freedom songs: A. "We shall overcome" ' B. "Oh, freedom"
● 'The time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise' / John F. Kennedy
● 'I have a dream' / Martin Luther King, Jr.
● 'In answer to Senator Thurmond' / Bayard Rustin
● 'The chickens come home to roost' / Malcolm X
● The Civil Rights Act of 1964 / U. S. Congress

SAY IT LOUD!: Black power and beyond
● 'The ballot or the bullet' / Malcolm X
● Letter from Mecca / El-Haji Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X)
● The greatest of all time / Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) with Alex Haley
● 'And I said "I want you to know something," I said, "If I live I will become a registered voter"' / Fannie Lou Hammer
● Bloody Sunday / The movement in Selma: A. President Johnson's speech to Congress; B. King's speech on the steps of the Alabama capital
● Voting Rights Act of 1965 / U. S. Congress
● A eulogy for Malcolm X / Ossie Davis
● '"Get Whitey," scream blood-hungry mobs' / Watts riots of 1965: A. Watts residents speak to Los Angeles Times; B. Times offers shocked first person account from "a negro"
● A 'domestic Marshall Plan' / Whitney Young
● 'The deterioration of the negro family' / The Moynihan Report: A. The Moynihan Report ; B. President Johnson's Howard University speech
● Black power / Stokely Carmichael
● Kwanzaa / Maulana Karenga
● 'We believe this racist government has robbed us' / The Black Panther Party: A. Black Panther Party platform and program; B. Black Panther National anthem
● Executive mandate number one / Bobby Seale
● Vietnam: 'A time comes when silence is betrayal' / Martin Luther King, Jr.
● 'I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong' / Muhammad Ali
● Soul on Ice / Eldridge Cleaver
● 'How many white folks you kill today?' / H. Rap Brown
● 'The Dutchman' / Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones)
● The crisis of the negro intellectual / Harold Cruse
● 'Nikki-Rosa' / Nikki Giovanni: A. "My poem"; B. "Nikki Rosa"; C. "Kidnap Poem"
● 'Say it loud (I'm black and I'm proud) / James Brown
● Divide and conquer / Federal Bureau of Investigation: A. Memo directing offices to target black nationalists; B. Memo suggesting tactic to divide SNCC and Black Panthers
● 'Two societies, one black, one white' / Kerner Commission Report
● 'We don't have no leader. We lost our leader' / The Washington Post on Martin Luther King's assassination and the 1968 race riots
● 'Niggers are scared of revolution' / The Last Poets
● A caged bird singing / Maya Angelou: A. "I know why the caged bird sings"; B. "And still I rise"
● 'ABC' / Jackson Five
● 'I am somebody' / Jesse Jackson
● The Tuskegee Syphilis Study / Associated Press
● 'Perhaps that 18th century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th century paper shredder' / Barbara Jordan
● 'What is special? I, Barbara Jordan, am a keynote speaker' / Barbara Jordan
● Roots / Alex Haley
● Race as a factor, but no 'quotas' / Regents of University of California vs. Bakke
● Black macho and the myth of the superwoman / Michelle Wallace

LEARNING TO TALK OF RACE: The modern era
● 'Rapper's delight' / Sugar Hill Gang
● 'I know what it means to be called a nigger. I know what it means to be called a faggot' / Melvin Boozer
● 'The imperialism of patriarchy' / bell hooks
● The color purple / Alice Walker
● 'Womanist' defined / Alice Walker
● 'God bless you Jesse Jackson' / The rescue of Lt. Robert Goodman
● 'The controversy over Jackson's remarks might have been much easier for many blacks to accept had the messenger been white' / Milton Coleman and the 'Hymietown' story
● 'Our time has come' / Jesse Jackson
● 'Thriller' / Michael Jackson [replaces Jackson's "Man in the Mirror" from first edition]
● 'Sucker Mcs' / Run-DMC
● 'It is racist to suggest that the series is merely Father Knows Best in blackface' / Alvin Poussaint on the Cosby Show
● Beloved / Toni Morrison
● 'Len Bias is dead...traces of cocaine found in system' / Washington Post
● The War on Drugs / Mandatory Minimum Sentences: A. United Press International report on Los Angeles police efforts to stop gangs and "rock houses"; B. 1988 mandatory minimum sentencing law
● 'Fuck tha police' / Nigga with Attitude (N.W.A.)
● 'Don't believe the hype' / Public Enemy
● 'Keep hope alive!' / Jesse Jackson
● Blacks three times as likely as whites to contract AIDS / U. S. Centers for Disease Control
● Coming out / Linda Villarosa
● 'I will not provide the rope for my own lynching' / Clarence Thomas on Anita Hill: A. Clarence Thomas's statement in response to the charges; B. Anita Hill's opening statement
● 'I felt each one of those not guiltys' / Assault on Rodney King and 1992 riots: A. Transcript of police conversation; B. The Riots
● 'Learning to talk of race' / Cornell West
● 'The inaugural poem' / Maya Angelou
● Waiting to exhale / Terry McMillan
● 'Please think of the real O.J.' / O.J. Simpson
● The million man march / Lous Farrakhan
● 'Thirteen ways of looking at a black man' / Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
● 'Government-sponsored racial discrimination based on benign prejudice is just a noxious as discrimination inspired by malicious prejudice' / Justice Clarence Thomas
● 'What the United States government did was shameful, and I am sorry' / President Bill Clinton
● 'I rise to object' / Congressional Black Caucus
● 'America is special among the nations' / Condoleeza Rice [new to this edition]
● 'George Bush doesn't care about black people' / Kanye West: A. Kanye West at the Red Cross Benefit; B. An oral history of Katrina survivor Tysuan Harris [new to this edition]
● 'This was the moment...where America remembered what it means to hope' / Barack Obama [new to this edition]
● I can no more disown him that I can my white grandmother / Barack Obama [new to this edition]

Includes texts up through 2008 both by African American authors and white American authors bearing on the African American experience.

This anthology is designed to function as a sourcebook of primary materials for courses on African American history and culture. See also other similar anthologies:

Other similar works are designed more explicitly as textbooks (and so are not included here), though they may have a bit on an anthology element in them as well. See, for example:
● "Dream a World Anew: The African American Experience and the Shaping of America." Ed. Kinshasha Holman Conwill. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2016. 288 pp. (Published to commemorate the opening of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) in Washington, DC.)

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